148 articles tagged “Nigeria”

A living trust is halal only when it does something Islamic law already allows. A trust you keep control of is a will in disguise and must obey the one-third rule. A trust you truly give away is a gift and must be delivered. Here is how to tell them apart.

Jaiz Bank does not give cash loans. It finances cars, homes, appliances, school fees, solar and business stock through sale and lease contracts. Only EnerJaiz publishes a price: 28% to 30% a year mark-up.

Using OPay, PalmPay or Moniepoint to send money is fine. The problem is OWealth, PalmPay's daily-interest savings and Moniepoint's savings plans. We show what each publishes and what a Muslim user should switch off.

Hilal Takaful is the founding house of Nigerian takaful: licensed in 2010 as Cornerstone Takaful, owned by Cornerstone Insurance, registered with NAICOM as RTC 003. It publishes products and pedigree, not numbers.

Lotus Bank does not give cash loans at interest. It buys, builds or leases the asset for you under Murabaha, Ijarah, Istisna and partnership contracts. Every product listed, with what is published and what is quote-only.

Beyond FGN Sukuk, the NGX Non-Interest Finance Board lists TAJBank, Family Homes Funds and Lagos State sukuk. What each is, what it pays, how a retail investor buys it, and where the risks differ from sovereign paper.

The Quranic shares, the blocking rules and the one-third limit on bequests, applied to four Nigerian estates in naira: sons and a daughter, a childless couple, a polygamous household and daughters only.

The Lotus Halal Equity ETF tracks the NGX Lotus Islamic Index, charges 0.60% a year and trades as LOTUSHAL15. We cover the 13 holdings, NAV against market price, purification, how to buy and the alternatives.

ARM runs two Shariah funds: the Sharia-Compliant Fixed Income Fund (N10,000 minimum, 1.5% fee, 90-day lock-in, 17.17% in 2025) and the N17bn Halal Balanced Fund. Holdings, costs and the ARM Money Market Fund problem.

No Nigerian non-interest bank lends cash at a margin. What they offer is asset finance, service finance and salary-backed murabaha. Here is every published product, the documents, and where to turn for actual cash.

Every Islamic bank operating in Nigeria in 2026: the five full non-interest banks, the Islamic microfinance banks, what became of the windows, how to verify a licence, and what NDIC covers.

The Lotus, Stanbic IBTC, ARM, United Capital and First Asset Shariah fixed income funds compared on minimum, fee, holding period, payout frequency, disclosure and the yield each manager actually publishes.

Affiliate commission is permissible brokerage income when the product is lawful, the marketing is truthful and the payout follows a real sale. We apply that test to Selar, Jumia, crypto, forex and betting programmes.

Retiring under the Contributory Pension Scheme forces three choices: lump sum size, programmed withdrawal or annuity, and where outside money sits. We set out the halal answer to each, using PenCom's own rules.

Bamboo, Risevest, Trove and Chaka (now Hisa) all let Nigerians buy US stocks. Each also sells interest products. Which features pass, which fail, how to use them for screened stocks, and how to purify.

Lotus Bank publishes four business accounts, the iCorporate portal, Lotus Lenz, POS with T+1 settlement and six corporate facilities. We go through what each page says, what is missing and who the accounts suit.

AltRent pays your annual rent to the landlord upfront and you repay The Alternative Bank monthly. We cover the N5 million and N2.5 million caps, who qualifies, the documents, the unpublished pricing and the structure.

PiggyVest, Cowrywise and Kuda pay interest by default. Two of them publish an opt-out, one does not. We go through Flex, SafeLock, Target, Halal Savings and Kuda Pockets, then name the halal routes that still earn.

Whether a bank job is haram depends on the role, not the building. Which positions scholars prohibit, which they permit, what happens to the salary, and where the live non-interest vacancies are in Nigeria.

Yes. Lotus Bank holds a CBN non-interest banking licence with national authorisation, has an Advisory Committee of Experts, and sells Mudarabah, Murabaha and Ijarah products. Who owns it and who can bank there.

Yes. The Alternative Bank is a CBN-licensed non-interest bank that grew out of Sterling Bank's window and became a standalone bank in July 2023, with an Advisory Committee of Experts approving every product.

Savings interest in Nigeria is riba, whatever the rate and however it is labelled. We set out why, what the CBN figures show banks pay, how to turn interest off or dispose of it, and the halal accounts that earn.

FGN Bonds and the monthly FGN Savings Bond are loans to the Federal Government that pay fixed interest, so they are not permissible. FGN Sukuk pays rental on road assets instead. Both compared with October 2026 numbers.

Every RSA fund type in Nigeria's multi-fund structure side by side: age rules, equity ceilings, fees, what Fund VI changes for a Muslim contributor, and how the once-a-year switch works.

A fund-by-fund review of Stanbic IBTC Asset Management's two Shariah funds: what each holds, the N5,000 minimum, the 1.5% management fee, how to subscribe and redeem, and what the manager does not publish.

Jaiz, Lotus, TAJBank, The Alternative Bank and Summit all run Qard current accounts that can take your salary. What each publishes on fees, cards and financing eligibility, with the CBN Guide to Charges as the ceiling.

A product-by-product review of Nigeria's benchmark takaful operator: motor and family plans, what Noor publishes about N11 billion in claims and N950 million in surplus, how to buy and claim, and where rivals beat it.

The FBN Halal Fund is now the First Asset Halal Fund: N5,000 minimum, 1.5% management fee, 90-day holding period, N157.44 a unit on 5 October 2026 and a 14.21% yield. What it holds and how it compares.

A review of Nigeria's largest PFA for the Fund VI switcher: what it publishes about Fund VI Active and Retiree, the PenCom-regulated fees, how a switch is done, self-service channels, and where rivals beat it.

TAJBank has seven Kaduna branches and one in Zaria; The Alternative Bank has one on Ali Akilu Road. Where Jaiz and Lotus stand, what each bank offers locally, and how to open and run an account without a branch.

Nisab in naira depends on the day's gold or silver price. We show the arithmetic for 6 October 2026, then walk through zakat on salary, non-interest bank savings, business stock, shares and pension balances.

Daily RSA fund prices left PFA websites after PenCom's November 2025 circular. Where your unit price now lives, how to read units times price on your statement, and how to compare Fund VI properly.
School fees are many Nigerian families' largest bill, due in lumps that defeat any budget. The halal toolkit: planning, fee negotiation, qard, zakat and financing.
Quick loan apps have reached millions of Nigerian phones with rates that would embarrass a moneylender. The fiqh verdict, the harassment economy, and real halal options.
Cooperatives finance more Nigerian households than banks do. Which cooperative practices are halal, where interest creeps in, and how to run a compliant coop.
T-bills are the default safe investment in Nigeria, recommended by every adviser. Why they fail the riba test, and the sukuk and fund routes that replace them.
Retail forex is marketed across Nigeria as a path out of hardship. What the fiqh actually says about leverage, swaps and CFDs, and the honest halal alternatives.
Qard current accounts with no stated maintenance charge, Mudarabah savings paying monthly, a N500,000 term deposit and a trillion-naira balance sheet: Jaiz's deposit shelf reviewed honestly.
Tiered Qard savings, a Musharaka account that actually pays, a N500,000 time deposit and retail sukuk from N10,000: TAJBank's deposit shelf reviewed with the numbers it publishes and the ones it hides.
Licensed February 2025, operating since November 2025, led by the ex-CEO of Jaiz, with a Qard Hasan current account and a N1 million term deposit. What Summit publishes, and the long list it does not.
You are the capital provider, the bank is the manager, and your return is a share of real profit, not a promised rate. The full mechanics of Nigerian Mudarabah savings, including what banks will not tell you.
Not one Nigerian non-interest bank publishes its deposit profit rates or sharing ratios. Here is exactly what is and is not disclosed, bank by bank, and how savers can defend themselves.
What you actually need to open a halal bank account in Nigeria: BVN rules, the CBN's three KYC tiers, documents by account type, and which banks let you start with almost nothing.
Yes, deposits at Jaiz, TAJBank, Lotus, AltBank and Summit are NDIC-insured. What that means for Qard versus Mudarabah balances, microfinance depositors, and the July 2026 licence revocations.
Nigeria took a different path from most markets: its non-interest sector is dominated by full-fledged banks, and its biggest window graduated into one. What the distinction means for your money.
Market women and small traders are the customers Nigerian non-interest banking was supposed to serve. TAJBank's trader Murabaha, AltBank's association facilities and Lotus's Traders Coins, assessed.
Holding dollars at a conventional bank quietly feeds an interest-based FX book. Jaiz, TAJBank, Lotus and AltBank all offer riba-free domiciliary accounts. Fees, cards and the gaps compared.
Rotating savings groups built Nigeria's savings culture long before banks arrived, and they are broadly halal. What ajo and esusu still do better, what they cannot do, and how to combine both.
Lagos hosts Lotus Bank's home base, AltBank's operating headquarters and the pioneer of Islamic microfinance. Where the branches actually are, and how Lagosians should choose.
Third-party motor cover is now enforced with ₦250,000 fines, so you are buying something. Motor takaful matches conventional pricing where published, and adds a surplus conventional insurers keep.
Kano's commerce and religious demography make it the natural heartland of Nigerian non-interest banking. TAJBank's pioneer branch, I-Care in Rimi Market, and what the July 2026 MFB purge changed.
The banks claim nationwide reach; the branch maps tell a thinner story. What halal banking actually looks like in Port Harcourt, Enugu, Owerri and the rest of southern Nigeria, and how to bank well anyway.
TAJBank's Vibe, AltBank's student banking, zero-balance entry accounts and the first financing products young Nigerians meet: how to start a financial life halal from the first naira.
Named scholars, signed reports, licence classes and the gaps: an evidence-based assessment of whether Nigerian non-interest banks practise what their branding promises.
Three licensed institutions, one Lagos pioneer, zero published rates and a July 2026 enforcement wave they all survived. The honest map of Islamic microfinance in Nigeria.
Every Nigerian non-interest account sits in one of two families: guaranteed principal that earns nothing, or shared profit with shared risk. Choosing wrongly costs you money or peace of mind.
The pioneer against the challenger: a trillion naira versus 84% growth, 51 branches versus 13,000 agents, home finance versus retail sukuk. Which fits which customer.
Both launched full non-interest operations within two years of each other, both court the fee-weary retail customer, and they fail in exactly opposite ways: Lotus hides prices, AltBank hides branches.
Seven sovereign sukuk since 2017, rentals of 11.20% to 19.75%, every naira accounted for, from N10,000. Why the sukuk programme became the benchmark Nigerian bank deposits refuse to compete with.
From N2,000 at TAJBank to Jaiz's Mudarabah trust accounts and Al-Barakah's Baby Bond, how Nigerian parents can grow a child's money halal, and the guardianship rules that govern it.
The practical playbook: which bank to pick, what to do with accrued interest, how to move salary, standing orders and BVN-linked services without losing a single payment.
Zero-fee operating accounts, free POS terminals, published SME financing rates at exactly one bank, and Cluster accounts for cooperatives: what Nigeria's non-interest banks actually offer a business.
Millions in the diaspora send money home through a system their values reject at both ends. How to route remittances, hold hard currency and build Nigerian assets through non-interest banks.
Licence classes, mandatory Shariah boards, FRACE at the centre and N20 billion capital floors: the regulatory architecture that makes a Nigerian bank's halal claim enforceable rather than decorative.
Three to six months of expenses, instantly reachable, never touching interest: which Nigerian accounts actually fit the job, how to ladder the layers, and the inflation problem nobody escapes.
AltBank's target-year pilgrimage plan, Hajj savings at two Islamic microfinance banks, and the honest arithmetic of saving for the journey of a lifetime without riba touching a single naira.
School fees rise faster than salaries, and the conventional endowment products are riba-based. How Nigerian parents actually fund education halal: takaful plans, fund portfolios and the hybrid that beats both.
Nigerian takaful operators have returned real money to claim-free participants: Noor about ₦1 billion since 2017, Jaiz ₦586 million over four years. How surplus works, who qualifies and how to check yours.
One Nigerian bank publishes a real diaspora home finance product, with property managers included. How it works, what it solves, what it leaves unanswered, and how to protect yourself from abroad.
Profit-and-loss partnership is Islamic finance's ideal and its rarest product. Which Nigerian institutions verifiably offer Musharakah, what it demands of you, and when it beats Murabaha.
Same NDIC insurance, same BVN, same transfers. Different contracts, different balance sheets, different failure modes. A precise account of where Nigerian non-interest banking genuinely diverges.
Every ranking of Nigerian Islamic savings accounts that quotes rates is making them up. Here is what can honestly be compared: structures, fees, access and governance, account by account.
It floats, it lands monthly, and it looks suspiciously like interest to a skeptical eye. What makes Mudarabah profit different from riba, where the genuine scholarly debates sit, and what to check at your own bank.
Twenty SEC-registered Shariah funds manage over ₦130 billion. They differ widely on strategy, fees, lock-ins and Shariah governance. Here is the full comparison with verified terms.
Lotus Capital pioneered halal asset management in Nigeria in 2004 and now runs the country's largest Shariah fund, its only Islamic ETF and its oldest halal balanced fund. The full verified picture.
₦100,000 will not make you rich, but invested halal it builds the habit that will. Where small money actually works in Nigeria's Shariah-compliant market, and the fees and traps to dodge.
Every Nigerian investor wants dollar exposure; few halal routes exist. Domiciliary accounts, the planned sovereign dollar sukuk, platform deals and the honest limits of each.
Moving your pension to the non-interest Fund VI is free, reversible and takes one form. Here is the exact process, the PenCom rules that protect you, and what to do if your PFA is slow.
All Nigerian PFAs must offer the non-interest Fund VI, but they run it very differently. We compare the 2024 returns of all ten reporting PFAs and profile the five in our database, with verified numbers.
Nigeria's Micro Pension Plan lets traders, artisans and freelancers build a retirement pot with flexible contributions and a 40% emergency window. The catch for Muslims: the non-interest option is not there yet. Here is the honest picture.
A halal retirement plan in Nigeria has four layers: a Fund VI pension, a personal investment engine, protection through takaful, and an estate plan that follows the Shariah. Here is how the pieces fit, with verified numbers.
Nigerian inflation was 15.91% in June 2026 after years above 20%. Cash loses, and interest is off the table. Here is what actually defends purchasing power in the halal universe, with verified numbers.
Gold is halal to own but the fiqh rules on trading it are strict, and Nigeria has no Shariah-certified gold fund. What Nigerian investors can actually do, what it costs, and the mistakes to avoid.
Scholars are genuinely split on cryptocurrency, and Nigeria's regulators have moved from banking bans to formal recognition. The honest state of the debate, the verified regulatory timeline, and a framework for deciding.
You can own Nigeria's sovereign sukuk two ways: subscribe directly during DMO offers from ₦10,000, or buy a fund that holds them year-round. The trade-offs are real and the right answer depends on what you need.
Wahed is SEC-registered, names three scholars with binding authority and automates purification. It also charges 1.50% for exposure you could assemble cheaper. The full honest review.
Halvest offers SME trade finance, dollar rental property and venture equity with self-reported returns near 34% a year. It is also unregistered with the SEC and names no Shariah board. The complete honest assessment.
Paying a 44% premium for an ETF, trusting self-reported yields, ignoring a free pension switch, skipping purification: the ten most expensive habits in Nigerian halal investing, with the verified numbers behind each.
Family takaful savings plans replace the haram endowment policy: your own invested account plus a mutual protection pool. The verified Nigerian plans, from ₦200 a day, and what to demand in writing.
A Muslim's will in Nigeria sits at the junction of Islamic law and state Wills Laws, and the courts have gone both ways. The one-third rule, the case law and how to structure a valid wasiyyah.
A decade as Sterling's Islamic window, a 2023 standalone licence, profit up fourfold, published SME pricing and the only signed ACE report in the market: AltBank reviewed honestly.
Seven FGN sukuk series have raised ₦1.3926 trillion since 2017, paying half-yearly rentals of 11.20% to 19.75%. How the programme works, how to subscribe from ₦10,000, and the honest caveats.
The 1447AH nisab, published in naira by Nigerian institutions, how to calculate zakat on cash, gold, shares and business stock, and where the organised zakat channels actually are.
Equity, monthly floors, salary caps and the markup nobody prints: the full arithmetic of financing a N20 million car through Nigeria's halal products, using only published numbers.
A will alone does not move a Nigerian estate: land titles, RSA nominations, takaful benefits, business shares and waqf each have their own rails. The complete halal estate map.
AltBank's agricultural facility lends up to N20 million at a published 9% per annum, targeting women and youth. Why the rate is real, what the underwriting demands, and where the limits sit.
Three Nigerian banks offer genuine non-interest home finance, and none of them publishes a rate. What actually exists, what it costs to enter, and what nobody tells you, verified August 2026.
Nigeria now has 20 SEC-registered Shariah funds, a sovereign sukuk programme, an Islamic equity index and a non-interest pension fund. Here is the full halal investing toolkit, with verified numbers and honest caveats.
Lagos has Nigeria's deepest non-interest banking presence and its most brutal property prices. Which halal home finance products work here, which banks are physically present, and where the caps bite.
No Nigerian bank publishes a dedicated okada or keke financing product. Here is what verifiably exists for commercial vehicle buyers, from SME leases to microfinance, honestly mapped.
Noor, Jaiz, Salam, Hilal and Crown hold Nigeria's takaful licences. Verified surplus records, wakala loads, scholar benches and digital claims stacks, compared honestly.
80% financing, a 33% salary cap, free servicing on new cars and a verified-dealer rule: Lotus Rides publishes more terms than any competitor. The rate is still a branch secret.
The Nigerian Insurance Industry Reform Act 2025 put takaful into primary legislation, cut claims deadlines to 60 days with compound-interest penalties, and made driving uninsured a ₦250,000 offence. What changed for you.
Nigeria's Islamic equity benchmark screens NGX stocks through a two-stage Shariah test and ejects failures. How the index works, what is in it, and how to invest through the LOTUSHAL15 ETF.
Screening NGX stocks for Shariah compliance is a two-stage test anyone can run: sector exclusions first, then financial ratios. Here is the AAOIFI method applied to the Nigerian market.
Hajj takaful plans run from ₦6,500 pilgrim care to ₦12,500-a-month five-year savings. What Noor, Jaiz, Salam, Hilal and Crown actually offer, plus the NAHCON savings route, honestly compared.
At ₦10 million the questions change: sukuk ladders, manager diversification, dollar exposure, satellite allocations and estate planning all become live. A verified, honest framework.
Lotus's SME shelf matches Murabaha to 90-day stock turns, leases equipment to 48 months and charges no fees at all. The market trader product and the negotiated markups, reviewed.
Every Nigerian PFA now runs a non-interest pension fund. Fund VI grew from ₦7.79 billion at launch to ₦369.6 billion by April 2026, and switching in is free. Here is how it works, what it holds and what it has returned.
How zakat applies to mutual funds, shares, sukuk, gold ETFs and the hardest case in Nigerian fiqh: your locked pension account. The scholarly positions, honestly laid out.
The Alternative Bank finances homes up to N80 million over 10 years and will manage the property for you if you live abroad. What is published, what is not, and who this product genuinely fits.
Five NAICOM-licensed operators, a new statutory footing under NIIRA 2025, and real money returned to participants. How takaful works, who offers it, and the honest gaps in the market.
At ₦1 million, real portfolio construction starts: a fixed income core, a screened equity engine and a first direct sukuk position. The verified options and an honest allocation framework.
Zero opening balance, zero maintenance charge and zero minimum balance on every account, a contract-literate product shelf, and one glaring contradiction on the savings page: Lotus Bank reviewed.
AltBank's app-first model, TAJBank's 13,000 agents, Lotus's *5045# and Jaiz's card that pays for Netflix: how Nigeria's halal banks compare where most customers actually bank, on the phone.
Jaiz, TAJBank and Summit are all headquartered in Abuja, and the newest bank in the market serves only the capital for now. Why the FCT is non-interest banking's densest market.
Property is the most instinctively halal asset Nigerians own, but the details decide: how you finance it, what the tenant does with it, and whether the deal is real. The verified routes in 2026.
Three of Nigeria's non-interest banks are headquartered in Abuja, including the only two with real home finance HQs nearby. What FCT buyers can actually access in 2026, and at what terms.
Rent-to-own is the most naturally halal path to a house, and cooperatives are how Nigerians already pool money. How both work without riba, and which real products support them in 2026.
The Alternative Bank's asset finance is one of the few Nigerian products that names its contract on the page: Ijarah, bank ownership, rentals. The pricing lesson hides in its SME sibling.
Conventional LPO finance is an interest loan against a purchase order. No Nigerian bank publishes a halal product named LPO finance, but the toolkit to fund one exists. Here is how.
The Islamic alternative to a fixed deposit exists at three Nigerian banks, from N500,000. How Mudarabah term deposits work, what tenors and minimums apply, and what to negotiate before placing.
Jaiz Bank's home finance uses the structure scholars trust most, then caps it at seven years. Who it actually fits, what the 20% equity means in naira, and the numbers Jaiz will not show you.
Lotus Bank advertises up to 20 years of non-interest home finance, the longest in Nigeria. Its own website also says 10 years. What the product really offers, and how to negotiate the gap.
Every halal financing deal in Nigeria runs on one of three contracts. They allocate risk, ownership and cost in genuinely different ways. Here is how each works and where each shows up.
Millions of Nigerians contribute 2.5% of income to the NHF. Its flagship loans are interest-bearing. Here is what is verifiable about non-interest options, and what to do with your contribution.
Most Nigerian homes are built block by block over years, not bought with mortgages. That path is naturally riba-free, and in 2026 there are real products that speed it up without corrupting it.
Equity, monthly buyouts and the rent nobody prints: the real arithmetic of financing a N50 million or N100 million home through Nigeria's three halal home finance products in 2026.
Kano is the commercial heart of Nigeria's north and one of its most religiously motivated banking markets. The halal home finance options that actually reach it in 2026, honestly assessed.
No non-interest bank is headquartered in Port Harcourt and none was founded for the south-south. What Rivers State buyers can genuinely access in 2026, through which channels, honestly assessed.
Five Nigerian institutions publish non-interest vehicle finance, and only one of them publishes anything resembling a rate. Every real halal car financing option compared, verified August 2026.
Jaiz Bank's car finance is a textbook cost-plus sale over up to 48 months, built exclusively for salaried employees. What the fixed price buys you, and what the missing numbers hide.
TAJBank's cost-plus asset and auto finance lets you repay monthly, quarterly or annually to match your cash flow. It publishes no margin, deposit, cap or tenor. Review from the published record.
Summit Bank has operated since November 2025 and its Ijara lease-to-own is its most specified product: 12-60 month tenors, ownership transfer, takaful. Nobody knows what it costs yet.
Tokunbo is how Nigeria actually buys cars, but halal financing was built for dealerships. Where used-import buyers fit, where they are excluded, and how the honest math changes by choice.
Four banks and four microfinance institutions offer halal business finance in Nigeria, and exactly one publishes full pricing. Every real SME option mapped, with the numbers that exist.
The workhorse of halal business finance is a bank buying your stock and selling it back at a markup. How agency Murabaha works, who offers it, and the discipline that keeps it honest.
Farm finance is the strongest corner of Nigeria's halal market: Salam forward contracts at Jaiz, the market's cheapest published rate at AltBank, and structures matched to crop cycles.
Cheap government money exists, and most of it is interest-priced. What can be verified about development funds flowing through Shariah-compliant contracts in Nigeria, and what cannot.
Generators, machines and vehicles are what SME finance actually buys. How Ijarah leasing works, the published 30% benchmark, the 48-month alternative, and the arithmetic that decides.
Importing without riba is a solved problem: cost-plus letters of credit, agency LCs for cash-rich importers, and Kafalah guarantees. Who offers what, and how the structures differ.
Istisna is the classical contract for funding things that do not exist yet: buildings, machines, projects. Who offers it in Nigeria, how progress payments work, and where the gaps are.
Every material number of AltBank's SME facility is on the public page: 15.5% flat, 3% insurance, 20% Hamish, N5m cap. The full effective-cost math, and where the honesty gets expensive.
MFT finances profitable small traders who cannot post collateral: N500,000 to N5 million over 90 days, with goods as the deal. The design is smart; the margin is the secret.
Jaiz lets you source stock from your own suppliers as the bank's agent, and channels BOI, DBN and SMEDAN funds through halal contracts. The entry rules and the silence on pricing, reviewed.
The CBN has licensed exactly three non-interest microfinance banks, all single-state, plus a Lagos pioneer on a conventional licence. Who they are, what survived the 2026 cull, honestly mapped.
Six licensed non-interest banks, a CBN framework with real teeth, NDIC insurance and a sukuk market doing the heavy lifting: how halal banking actually works in Nigeria in 2026.
Four full non-interest banks, four very different institutions. Audited numbers, branch footprints, Shariah governance and fee structures compared side by side, with Summit Bank as the wildcard.